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2015 AMC 10A Problem 22

Problem 22 of 25HarderCombinatoricsProbability & StatisticsProblem-Solving Techniques

Eight people are sitting around a circular table, each holding a fair coin. All eight people flip their coins and those who flip heads stand while those who flip tails remain seated. What is the probability that no two adjacent people will stand?

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Solution

Count the possible sets of people who stand. For 00 and 11 people standing, there are 11 and 88 possibilities. For 22 people standing, choose any pair and subtract the 88 adjacent pairs: (82)−8=20\binom82-8=20. For 33 people standing, first choose one standing person. Among the remaining five non-neighbor seats, 1010 pairs are possible, but 44 of those pairs are adjacent, leaving 66. This counts each final set three times, so there are 8⋅63=16\frac{8\cdot6}{3}=16 possibilities. For 44 people standing, the only possibilities are the two alternating sets. Thus the number of favorable coin-flip outcomes is 1+8+20+16+2=471+8+20+16+2=47. Since all 28=2562^8=256 outcomes are equally likely, the probability is 47256\frac{47}{256}. Thus, A is the correct answer.
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