2002 AMC 12A Problem 22

Since $AB = 10$ and $\angle ABC = 60^\circ,$ the $30$-$60$-$90$ triangle has $BC = 5$ and $AC = 5\sqrt3.$ Place $E$ on $\overline{AC}$ with $CE = 5;$ then $BE = \sqrt{5^2 + 5^2} = 5\sqrt2.$ As $D$ moves along $\overline{AC},$ $BD = \sqrt{25 + CD^2}$ exceeds $5\sqrt2$ exactly when $CD \gt 5,$ i.e. when $D$ lies beyond $E,$ which happens iff $P$ is inside $\triangle ABE.$ The probability is $$\begin{aligned} \dfrac{[ABE]}{[ABC]} &= \dfrac{EA}{CA} \\ &= \dfrac{5\sqrt3 - 5}{5\sqrt3} \\ &= \dfrac{3 - \sqrt3}{3}. \end{aligned}$$ Thus, the correct answer is C.