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2025 AMC 12B Problem 18

Problem 18 of 25IntermediateCounting & Probability

Awnik repeatedly plays a game that has a probability of winning of 13.\dfrac{1}{3}. The outcomes of the games are independent. What is the expected value of the number of games he will play until he has both won and lost at least once?

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Solution

The first game produces one outcome. If it was a win (probability 13\tfrac{1}{3}), the expected wait for a loss is 123=32;\tfrac{1}{\frac{2}{3}} = \tfrac{3}{2}; if it was a loss (probability 23\tfrac{2}{3}), the expected wait for a win is 113=3.\tfrac{1}{\frac{1}{3}} = 3. So the expected total is 1+1332+233=1+12+21 + \tfrac{1}{3}\cdot\tfrac{3}{2} + \tfrac{2}{3}\cdot 3 = 1 + \tfrac{1}{2} + 2 =72.= \tfrac{7}{2}. Thus, the correct answer is D.

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Concepts: expected value · geometric distribution

Problem text and solution from the LIVE past-contest archive. See also the AoPS wiki page for community solutions.