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2019/20 AHSMC Part 1 Problem 15

Problem 15 of 16

If a0=1a_0 = 1, a1=0a_1 = 0 and an+2=3an+1−3ana_{n+2} = 3a_{n+1} - 3a_n for all integers n≥0n \ge 0, then a2019a_{2019} is

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Solution

Since an+2=3(an+1−an)a_{n+2} = 3(a_{n+1} - a_n) one obtains a2=−3a_2 = -3, a3=−9a_3 = -9, a4=−18a_4 = -18, …\ldots, and also, an+3=3(an+2−an+1)=3(2an+1−3an),an+4=3(an+3−an+2)=3(3an+1−6an),an+5=3(an+4−an+3)=3(3an+1−9an),an+6=3(an+5−an+4)=−33an\begin{align*} a_{n+3} &= 3(a_{n+2} - a_{n+1}) = 3(2a_{n+1} - 3a_n), \\ a_{n+4} &= 3(a_{n+3} - a_{n+2}) = 3(3a_{n+1} - 6a_n), \\ a_{n+5} &= 3(a_{n+4} - a_{n+3}) = 3(3a_{n+1} - 9a_n), \\ a_{n+6} &= 3(a_{n+5} - a_{n+4}) = -3^3 a_n \end{align*} hence a3+6n=−33a3+6(n−1)=⋯=(−1)n33na3=(−1)n33n(−9)=(−1)n+133n+2. a_{3+6n} = -3^3 a_{3+6(n-1)} = \cdots = (-1)^n 3^{3n} a_3 = (-1)^n 3^{3n}(-9) = (-1)^{n+1} 3^{3n+2}. Thus, a2019=a3+336⋅6=−31010. a_{2019} = a_{3 + 336 \cdot 6} = -3^{1010}. The answer is (A).